python爬取天气数据并做可视化分析

1. 数据采集逻辑

2. 数据schema

历史天气数据schema

{

‘当日信息’：’2023-01-01 星期日’,

‘最高气温’: 8℃”,

‘最低气温’: ‘5℃’,

‘天气’: ‘多云’,

‘风向信息‘:’北风 3级’

}

3. 数据爬取

1.导入库

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from pandas import Series, DataFrame

2.对程序进行伪装

headers = {
    'Host': 'lishi.tianqi.com',
    'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/110.0.1587.63'
}

3.抓取天气数据

url = 'https://lishi.tianqi.com/shanghai/202301.html'  # 上海 2023年1月天气
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

res.encodind = 'utf-8'
html = BeautifulSoup(res.text, 'html.parser')
data_all = []
tian_three = html.find("div", {"class": "tian_three"})
lishi = tian_three.find_all("li")
for i in lishi:
    lishi_div = i.find_all("div")
    data = []
    for j in lishi_div:
        data.append(j.text)
    data_all.append(data)
print(data_all)

4.数据存储

在数据存储前，对数据进行处理，便于后期的数据分析。将上面的“当天信息”字段拆分为“日期”和“星期”两个字段，“风向信息”也是如此。最后，将数据保存为csv文件中。

weather = pd.DataFrame(data_all)
weather.columns = ["当日信息", "最高气温", "最低气温", "天气", "风向信息"]
weather_shape = weather.shape
print(weather)
weather['当日信息'].apply(str)
result = DataFrame(weather['当日信息'].apply(lambda x: Series(str(x).split(' '))))
result = result.loc[:, 0:1]
result.columns = ['日期', '星期']
weather['风向信息'].apply(str)
result1 = DataFrame(weather['风向信息'].apply(lambda x: Series(str(x).split(' '))))
result1 = result1.loc[:, 0:1]
result1.columns = ['风向', '级数']
weather = weather.drop(columns='当日信息')
weather = weather.drop(columns='风向信息')
weather.insert(loc=0, column='日期', value=result['日期'])
weather.insert(loc=1, column='星期', value=result['星期'])
weather.insert(loc=5, column='风向', value=result1['风向'])
weather.insert(loc=6, column='级数', value=result1['级数'])
weather.to_csv("上海23年1月天气.csv", encoding="utf_8")

5.数据分析

注：数据分析用的是北京2023年1月的天气数据，如下图：

1.2023北京1月天气情况

# 数据处理
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False


weather['最高气温'] = weather['最高气温'].map(lambda x: int(x.replace('℃', '')))
weather['最低气温'] = weather['最低气温'].map(lambda x: int(x.replace('℃', '')))

dates = weather['日期']
highs = weather['最高气温']
lows = weather['最低气温']

# 画图

fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10, 6))

plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red', alpha=0.5)
plt.plot(dates, lows, c='blue', alpha=0.5)

plt.fill_between(dates, highs, lows, facecolor='blue', alpha=0.2)
# 图表格式
# 设置图标的图形格式
plt.title('2023北京1月天气情况', fontsize=24)
plt.xlabel('', fontsize=6)
fig.autofmt_xdate()
plt.ylabel('气温', fontsize=12)
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=10)
# 修改刻度
plt.xticks(dates[::5])
# 显示
plt.show()

2.北京23年1月天气候分布饼图

2023年一月份有31天，循环遍历时注意循环次数。

# 天气可视化饼图
weather = list(weather['天气'])
dic_wea = {}
for i in range(0, 31):
    if weather[i] in dic_wea.keys():
        dic_wea[weather[i]] += 1
    else:
        dic_wea[weather[i]] = 1
print(dic_wea)
explode = [0.01] * len(dic_wea.keys())
color = ['lightskyblue', 'silver', 'yellow', 'salmon', 'grey', 'lime', 'gold', 'red', 'green', 'pink']
plt.pie(dic_wea.values(), explode=explode, labels=dic_wea.keys(), autopct='%1.1f%%', colors=color)
plt.title('北京23年1月天气候分布饼图')
plt.show()

3.风级图

自定义change_wind函数，将风向信息转换为数值，并计算出各风向的风速平均值。

def change_wind(wind):
    """改变风向"""
    for i in range(0, 31):
        if wind[i] == "北风":
            wind[i] = 90
        elif wind[i] == "南风":
            wind[i] = 270
        elif wind[i] == "西风":
            wind[i] = 180
        elif wind[i] == "东风":
            wind[i] = 360
        elif wind[i] == "东北风":
            wind[i] = 45
        elif wind[i] == "西北风":
            wind[i] = 135
        elif wind[i] == "西南风":
            wind[i] = 225
        elif wind[i] == "东南风":
            wind[i] = 315
    return wind


# 风向雷达图
wind = list(weather['风向'])
weather['级数'] = weather['级数'].map(lambda x: int(x.replace('级', '')))
# weather['级数']=pd.to_numeric(weather['级数'])
wind_speed = list(weather['级数'])
wind = change_wind(wind)


degs = np.arange(45, 361, 45)
temp = []
for deg in degs:
    speed = []
    # 获取 wind_deg 在指定范围的风速平均值数据
    for i in range(0, 31):
        if wind[i] == deg:
            speed.append(wind_speed[i])
    if len(speed) == 0:
        temp.append(0)
    else:
        temp.append(sum(speed) / len(speed))
print(temp)
N = 8
theta = np.arange(0. + np.pi / 8, 2 * np.pi + np.pi / 8, 2 * np.pi / 8)
# 数据极径
radii = np.array(temp)
# 绘制极区图坐标系
plt.axes(polar=True)
# 定义每个扇区的RGB值（R,G,B），x越大，对应的颜色越接近蓝色
colors = [(1 - x / max(temp), 1 - x / max(temp), 0.6) for x in radii]
plt.bar(theta, radii, width=(2 * np.pi / N), bottom=0.0, color=colors)
plt.title('风级图', x=0.2, fontsize=20)
plt.show()