1、非同质化货币(NFT)- 维基百科
非同质化代币(英语:Non-Fungible Token,简称:NFT),是一种众筹扶持项目方的方式,也是区块链(数位账本)上的一种数据单位,每个代币可以代表一个独特的数字资料,作为虚拟商品所有权的电子认证或证书。由于其不能互换的特性,非同质化代币可以代表数字资产,如画作、艺术品、声音、影片、游戏中的项目或其他形式的创意作品。虽然作品本身是可以无限复制的,但这些代表它们的代币在其底层区块链上能被完整追踪,故能为买家提供所有权证明。诸如以太币、比特币等加密货币都有自己的代币标准以定义对NFT的使用。
2、IERC165
ERC165 是一个非常简单的以太坊标准,主要用于检测该合约是否支持查询的接口。调用者只需要传入想要检测的接口的ID(如ERC-165的ID是0x01ffc9a7),该函数以布尔值的方式(true支持,false不支持)告诉调用者该合约是否实现了这个接口。
IERC165 是 ERC165 标准的接口合约,规定了ERC165要实现的基本函数 supportsInterface
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
interface IERC165 {
// ERC165 代币标准就是检查一个智能合约是不是支持了例如 ERC721 ,ERC1155 的接口。
// 如果支持,返回true
function supportsInterface(
bytes4 interfaceId
) external view returns (bool);
}
3、IERC721
IERC721 是 ERC721 标准的接口规范,它定义和规范了一个标准 ERC721 代币合约应该实现的功能。这里让 ERC721 合约直接继承自 IERC721() 接口。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./IERC165.sol";
// ERC721标准接口.
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
// 转账时触发
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
// 授权时触发
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
// 在批量授权时触发
event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
// 返回某地址的NFT持有量balance
function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
// 返回某 tokenId 的主人 owner
function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);
// 实现了 ERC721Receiver 接口的安全转账和重载函数
function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;
function safeTransferFrom(address from,address to,uint256 tokenId) external;
// 普通转账,参数为转出地址from,接收地址to和tokenId。
function transferFrom(address from,address to,uint256 tokenId) external;
// 授权NFT给另外一个地址 to
function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
// 持有的该系列NFT批量授权给某个地址operator
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;
// 查询tokenId被批准给了哪个地址。
function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);
// 查询某地址的NFT是否批量授权给了另一个operator地址
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}
4、IERC721Receiver
为了防止 NFT 转入黑洞合约,ERC721 实现了 safeTransferFrom() 安全转账函数,目标合约必须实现了 IERC721Receiver 接口才能接收ERC721代币,不然会 revert 。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
interface IERC721Receiver {
function onERC721Received(
address operator,
address from,
uint tokenId,
bytes calldata data
) external returns (bytes4);
}
5、IERC721Metadata
IERC721Metadata 是 ERC721 的拓展接口,它定义了合约的元数据信息,包括合约名字、标志以及每个代币的 tokenURI。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
interface IERC721Metadata {
// 代币名称
function name() external view returns (string memory);
// 代币符号
function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
// 通过 tokenId 查询 metadata 的链接url
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}
6、ERC721
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./IERC165.sol";
import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "./Address.sol";
import "./Strings.sol";
contract ERC721 is IERC721, IERC721Metadata {
using Address for address; // 使用Address库,用isContract来判断地址是否为合约
using Strings for uint256; // 使用String库,
// Token名称
string public override name;
// Token代号
string public override symbol;
// tokenId 到 owner address 的持有人映射
mapping(uint => address) private _owners;
// address 到持仓数量的持仓量映射
mapping(address => uint) private _balances;
// tokenID 到授权地址的授权映射
mapping(uint => address) private _tokenApprovals;
// owner地址。到operator地址的批量授权映射
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
// 构造函数,初始化`name` 和`symbol` .
constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
name = name_;
symbol = symbol_;
}
// 实现IERC165接口 supportsInterface
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external pure override returns (bool) {
return interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId;
}
// 实现IERC721的balanceOf,利用_balances变量查询owner地址的balance。
function balanceOf(address owner) external view override returns (uint) {
require(owner != address(0), "owner = zero address");
return _balances[owner];
}
// 实现IERC721的ownerOf,利用_owners变量查询tokenId的owner。
function ownerOf(uint tokenId) public view override returns (address owner) {
owner = _owners[tokenId];
require(owner != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
}
// 实现IERC721的isApprovedForAll,利用_operatorApprovals变量查询owner地址是否将所持NFT批量授权给了operator地址。
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view override returns (bool) {
return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
}
// 实现IERC721的setApprovalForAll,将持有代币全部授权给operator地址。
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external override {
_operatorApprovals[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
}
// 实现IERC721的getApproved,利用_tokenApprovals变量查询tokenId的授权地址。
function getApproved(uint tokenId) external view override returns (address) {
require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
}
// 授权函数。通过调整_tokenApprovals来,授权 to 地址操作 tokenId,同时释放Approval事件。
function _approve(address owner, address to, uint tokenId) private {
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
}
// 实现IERC721的approve,将tokenId授权给 to 地址。
function approve(address to, uint tokenId) external override {
address owner = _owners[tokenId];
require(
msg.sender == owner || _operatorApprovals[owner][msg.sender],
"not owner nor approved for all"
);
_approve(owner, to, tokenId);
}
// 查询 spender地址是否可以使用tokenId(他是owner或被授权地址)。
function _isApprovedOrOwner(address owner, address spender, uint tokenId) private view returns (bool) {
return (spender == owner ||
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] == spender ||
_operatorApprovals[owner][spender]);
}
// 转账函数
function _transfer( address owner, address from, address to, uint tokenId) private {
require(from == owner, "not owner");
require(to != address(0), "transfer to the zero address");
_approve(owner, address(0), tokenId); // 清空token的授权
_balances[from] -= 1;
_balances[to] += 1;
_owners[tokenId] = to;
emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
}
// 实现IERC721的transferFrom,非安全转账,不建议使用。调用_transfer函数
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokenId) external override {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(
_isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId),
"not owner nor approved"
);
_transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
}
// 安全转账,安全地将 tokenId 代币从 from 转移到 to
function _safeTransfer( address owner, address from, address to, uint tokenId, bytes memory _data ) private {
_transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data), "not ERC721Receiver");
}
// 实现IERC721的safeTransferFrom,安全转账,调用了_safeTransfer函数。
function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokenId, bytes memory _data) public override {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId), "not owner nor approved");
_safeTransfer(owner, from, to, tokenId, _data);
}
// safeTransferFrom重载函数
function safeTransferFrom( address from, address to, uint tokenId) external override {
safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
}
// 铸造函数。通过调整_balances和_owners变量来铸造tokenId并转账给 to,同时释放Transfer事件。。
function _mint(address to, uint tokenId) internal virtual {
require(to != address(0), "mint to zero address");
require(_owners[tokenId] == address(0), "token already minted");
_balances[to] += 1;
_owners[tokenId] = to;
emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
}
// 销毁函数,通过调整_balances和_owners变量来销毁tokenId,同时释放Transfer事件。
function _burn(uint tokenId) internal virtual {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(msg.sender == owner, "not owner of token");
_approve(owner, address(0), tokenId);
_balances[owner] -= 1;
delete _owners[tokenId];
emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
}
// 调用IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received, 以防 tokenId 被不小心转入黑洞。
function _checkOnERC721Received(address from, address to, uint tokenId, bytes memory _data) private returns (bool) {
if (to.isContract()) {
// 是否实现了 IERC721Receiver接口
return IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(msg.sender, from, tokenId, _data)
== IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
} else {
return true;
}
}
// 实现IERC721Metadata的tokenURI函数,查询metadata。
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "Token Not Exist");
string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
}
// 计算{tokenURI}的BaseURI,tokenURI就是把baseURI和tokenId拼接在一起,需要开发重写。
function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
return "";
}
}
7、ERC721 NFT 的实现
再写一个合约继承 ERC721 , 并写好 MAX_APES 状态变量、构造函数、baseURI 函数以及锻造 mint 函数。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./ERC721.sol";
contract NFTSang is ERC721 {
uint public MAX_APES = 10000; // 总量
// 构造函数
constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) ERC721(name_, symbol_){
}
// ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariAR3jxcaWtq/
function _baseURI() internal pure override returns (string memory) {
return "ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariAR3jxcaWtq/";
}
// 铸造函数
function mint(address to, uint tokenId) external {
require(tokenId >= 0 && tokenId < MAX_APES, "tokenId out of range");
_mint(to, tokenId);
}
}
8、编译部署
免费锻造代币,正式使用需要开发者继续完善,比如规定哪些人有锻造此代币的权限。
原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_61361738/article/details/134763741
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