Spark SQL的高级用法

本文介绍: 需求:请生成一列数据, 内容为 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,5。

一. 快速生成多行的序列

需求:请生成一列数据, 内容为 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,5

-- 快速生成多行的序列
-- 方式一
select explode(split("1,2,3,4,5",","));
--方式二
/*
 序列函数sequence(start,stop,step):生成指定返回的列表数据
 [start,stop]必须传入,step步长可传可不传,默认为1,也可以传入负数,传入负数的时候,大数要在前,小数
 */
select explode(sequence(1,5));
select explode(sequence(1,5,1));
select explode(sequence(1,5,2));
select explode(sequence(5,1,-1));
select explode(sequence(5,1,-2));

二. 快速生成表数据

需求: 生成一个两行两列的数据, 第一行放置男 M 第二行放置女 F

-- 快速生成表数据
/*
 stack(n,expr1, ..., exprk),n代表要分为n行,expr1, ..., exprk是放入每一行每一列的元素
 如果不传入列名,则默认使用col0,col1等作为列名
 */
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F");
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F") as (n,v);

三. 如何将一个SQL的结果给到另外一个SQL进行使用

3.1 视图

临时视图关键字:temporary

分为永久视图和临时视图
相同点:都不会真正的存储数据。主要是用来简化SQL语句
不同点：永久试图会创建元数据，在多个会话（Session）中都有效；临时视图只在当前会话有效

3.2 视图和表的区别

视图不会真正的存储数据，而表会真正的存储数据。
但是视图和表在使用的时候区别不大

-- 如何将一个SQL的结果给到另外一个SQL进行使用
-- 方式一：子查询
select
    *
from (select stack(2,"男","M","女","F"));

-- 方式二：子查询
with tmp as (
    select stack(2,"男","M","女","F")
) select * from tmp;

-- 方式三：永久视图
create view forever_view as
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F");

select * from forever_view;

-- 方式四：临时视图
create temporary view tmp_view as
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F");

select * from tmp_view;

-- 方式五：创建表
create table tb as
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F");

select * from tb;

-- 缓存表：类似Spark Core中的缓存，提高数据分析效率
cache table cache_tb as
select stack(2,"男","M","女","F");

-- 查询缓存表
select * from cache_tb;

-- 清理指定缓存
uncache table cache_tb;

select * from cache_tb;

-- 清空所有的缓存
clear cache;

四. 窗口函数

格式:
分析函数 over(partition by xxx order by xxx [asc|desc] [rows between xxx and xxx])

分析函数的分类：
1- 第一类: 排序函数。row_number() rank() dense_rank() ntile()

1、都是用来编号的
2、如果出现了重复（针对order by中的字段内容）数据
2.1- row_number：不管有没有重复，从1开始依次递增进行编号
2.2- rank()：如果数据重复，编号相同，并且会占用后续的编号
2.3- dense_rank()：如果数据重复，编号相同，但是不会占用后续的编号
2.4- ntile(n):将数据分为n个桶,不传入参数默认为1

2- 第二类: 聚合函数。sum() avg() count() max() min()…

1、可以通过窗口函数实现级联求各种值的操作。当后续遇到需要在计算的时候，将当前行或者之前之后的数据关联起来计算的情况，可以使用窗口函数。
2、如果没有排序字段，也就是没有order by语句，直接将窗口打开到最大，整个窗口内的数据全部被计算，不管执行到哪一行，都是针对整个窗口内的数据进行计算。
3、如果有排序字段，并且还存在重复数据的情况，默认会将重复范围内的数据放到一个窗口中计算
4、可以通过rows between xxx and xxx来限定窗口的统计数据范围
4.1- unbounded preceding: 从窗口的最开始
4.2- N preceding: 当前行的前N行，例如1 preceding、2 preceding
4.3- current row: 当前行
4.4- unbounded following: 到窗口的最末尾
4.5- N following: 当前行的后N行，例如1 following、2 following

3- 第三类: 取值函数。lead() lag() first_value() last_value()

-- 准备数据
create temporary view t1 (cookie,datestr,pv) as
values
           ('cookie1','2018-04-10',1),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-11',5),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-12',7),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-13',3),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-14',2),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-15',4),
            ('cookie1','2018-04-16',4),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-10',2),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-11',3),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-12',5),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-13',6),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-14',3),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-15',9),
            ('cookie2','2018-04-16',7);

select * from t1;
-- 1- 第一类: 排序函数。row_number() rank() dense_rank() ntile()
select
    cookie,pv,
    row_number() over (partition by cookie order by pv desc) as rs1,
    rank() over (partition by cookie order by pv desc) as rs2,
    dense_rank() over (partition by cookie order by pv desc) as rs3,
    ntile() over (partition by cookie order by pv desc) as rs4
from t1;
-- 2- 第二类: 聚合函数。sum() avg() count() max() min()...
select
    cookie,pv,
    -- 一次性直接将窗口打开到最大
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie) as rs1,
    -- 依次慢慢打开窗口，如果数据相同，直接放到同一个窗口中
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv) as rs2,
    -- 依次慢慢打开窗口，限定窗口的统计范围从窗口的最开始到当前行
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as rs3,
    -- 以当前行为中心，往前推一行。也就是从上一行计算到当前行
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between 1 preceding and current row ) as rs4,
    -- 从窗口的最开始一直统计到窗口的最终结尾
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following) as rs5,
    -- 从当前行统计到窗口的结尾
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between current row and unbounded following) as rs6,
    -- 以当前行为中心，统计上一行、当前行、下一行总共3行的数据
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between 1 preceding and 1 following) as rs7,
    sum(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv rows between 2 preceding and 3 following) as rs8
from t1;

-- 3- 第三类: 取值函数。lead() lag() first_value() last_value()
select
    cookie,pv,
    -- 默认取下一行数据
    lead(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv) as rs1,
    -- 默认取上一行数据
    lag(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv) as rs2,
    -- 默认取窗口内的第一条数据
    first_value(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv) as rs3,
    -- 默认取窗口内的最后一条数据
    last_value(pv) over(partition by cookie order by pv) as rs4
from t1;

五. 横向迭代

/*
需求: 已知 c1列数据, 计算出 c2 和 c3列数据
c2 = c1+2
c3=c1*(c2+3)
 */
-- 数据准备
select explode(sequence(1,3));
select stack(3,1,2,3);

-- 方式一:子查询
-- 计算c2
with t1 as (
    select explode(sequence(1,3)) as c1
)select c1,(c1+2) as c2 from t1;
-- 计算c3
with t1 as (
    select explode(sequence(1,3)) as c1
)
select c1,c2,c1*(c2+3) as c3 from
(select c1,(c1+2) as c2 from t1);

-- 方式二:视图方式
-- 准备数据
create temporary view view_t1 as
select explode(sequence(1,3)) as c1;

select * from view_t1;
-- 计算c2并创建视图
create temporary view view_t2 as
select c1,(c1+2) as c2 from view_t1;

select * from view_t2;
-- 计算c3并创建视图
create temporary view view_t3 as
select c1,c2,c1*(c2+3) as c3 from view_t2;

select * from view_t3;

六. 纵向迭代

需求: 计算 c4:

计算逻辑: 当c2=1 , 则 c4=1 ; 否则 c4 = (上一个c4 + 当前的c3)/2
在这里插入图片描述

-- 数据准备
create temporary view view_data (c1,c2,c3)
as values
(1,1,6),
(1,2,23),
(1,3,8),
(1,4,4),
(1,5,10),
(2,1,23),
(2,2,14),
(2,3,17),
(2,4,20);

select * from view_data;

方式一:创建临时视图继续计算c4的值,对于练习阶段数据量小还行,即使是数量小,也有很多重复代码,所以对于以后海量数据的计算,这种方法显然是不合理的。

--方式一:
-- 步骤一:当c2=1 , 则 c4=1
create temporary view col_tmp1 as
select c1,c2,c3,if(c2=1,1,null)as c4 from view_data;

select * from col_tmp1;

-- 步骤二:否则 c4 = (上一个c4 +  当前的c3)/2
create temporary view col_tmp2 as
select
c1,c2,c3,
if(c2=1,1,((lag(c4) over (partition by c1 order by c2))+c3)/2) as c4
from col_tmp1;

select * from col_tmp2;

create temporary view col_tmp3 as
select
c1,c2,c3,
if(c2=1,1,((lag(c4) over (partition by c1 order by c2))+c3)/2) as c4
from col_tmp2;

select * from col_tmp3;

create temporary view col_tmp4 as
select
c1,c2,c3,
if(c2=1,1,((lag(c4) over (partition by c1 order by c2))+c3)/2) as c4
from col_tmp3;

select * from col_tmp4;

create temporary view col_tmp5 as
select
c1,c2,c3,
if(c2=1,1,((lag(c4) over (partition by c1 order by c2))+c3)/2) as c4
from col_tmp4;

select * from col_tmp5;

方式二:基于pandas进行自定义聚合函数(UDAF)操作

#!/usr/bin/env python
# @desc : 
__coding__ = "utf-8"
__author__ = "bytedance"

import pyspark.sql.functions as F
import pandas as pd
import os
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
from pyspark.sql.types import FloatType

os.environ['SPARK_HOME'] = '/export/server/spark'
os.environ['PYSPARK_PYTHON'] = '/root/anaconda3/bin/python3'
os.environ['PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON'] = '/root/anaconda3/bin/python3'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 1- 创建SparkSession对象
    spark = SparkSession.builder
        .config('spark.sql.shuffle.partitions',1)
        .appName('sparksql_udaf')
        .master('local[*]')
        .getOrCreate()

    # 2- 数据输入
    spark.sql("""
        create temporary view view_data (c1,c2,c3)
        as values
        (1,1,6),
        (1,2,23),
        (1,3,8),
        (1,4,4),
        (1,5,10),
        (2,1,23),
        (2,2,14),
        (2,3,17),
        (2,4,20)
    """)

    # 3- 数据处理
    # 3.1- 当c2=1 , 则 c4=1
    spark.sql("""
        create temporary view heng_tmp_1 as
        select
            c1,c2,c3,if(c2=1,1,null) as c4
        from view_data
    """)

    spark.sql("""
        select * from heng_tmp_1
    """).show()

    # 3.2- 否则 c4 = (上一个c4 +  当前的c3)/2
    # 3.2.1- 基于Pandas实现UDAF函数，创建自定义的Python函数
    # 3.2.2- 注册进SparkSQL中
    # @F.pandas_udf(returnType=FloatType())
    @F.pandas_udf(returnType="float")
    def c4_udaf_func(c3:pd.Series, c4:pd.Series) -> float:
        print(f"{c3}")
        print(f"{c4}")

        tmp_c4 = None

        for i in range(0,len(c3)):
            if i==0:
                tmp_c4 = c4[i] # c4[0]
            else:
                tmp_c4 = (tmp_c4 + c3[i]) / 2

        return tmp_c4

    spark.udf.register("c4_udaf",c4_udaf_func)

    spark.sql("""
        select 
            c1,c2,c3,
            c4_udaf(c3,c4) over(partition by c1 order by c2) as c4
        from heng_tmp_1
    """).show()

    # 4- 数据输出
    # 5- 释放资源
    spark.stop()